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Cosmetic electrotherapy is a range of beauty treatments that uses low electric currents passed through the skin to produce several therapeutic effects〔"Introduction, ''Facial Electrical Manual'', The Carlton Institute. 23 pages. (Page 2)〕 such as muscle toning in the body〔Jane Hiscock, Elaine Stoddart, ''Level 2 Beauty Therapy S/NVQ Series'', Publisher Heinemann, 2004, ISBN 0-435-45640-7, ISBN 978-0-435-45640-5, 416 pages ((page 226 ))〕 and micro-lifting of the face.〔Dawn Mernagh-Ward, Jennifer Cartwright, ''Health and beauty therapy: a practical approach for NVQ level 3'', Edition 3, Publisher Nelson Thornes, 2004, ISBN 0-7487-9035-7, ISBN 978-0-7487-9035-7. 420 pages ((page 109 ))〕 It is based on electrotherapy, which has been researched and accepted in the field of rehabilitation,〔Robinson AJ, Snyder-Mackler, L. Clinical electrophysiology: electrotherapy and electrophysiologic testing 3rd ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2008;151-196, 198-237, 239-274〕 though the "scientific and medical communities have tended to sideline or dismiss the use of electrotherapy for healthy muscles".〔Kristin Schaefer Centofanti, "Electrical Stimulation for Health, Beauty, Fitness, Sports Training and Rehabilitation", ''Advances in Muscle Research'', 2008, Volume 4 (Application of Muscle/Nerve Stimulation in Health and Disease), 69-116. ((page 69 ))〕 The use of electricity in cosmetics goes back to the end of the 19th century,〔See for example: "Dr Hardaway has remarked the wide usefulness of electrolysis in cosmetic manipulations." in ''The Medical Times and Register'', Volume 16, (Author: Horatio Charles Wood), Publisher The Medical Publishing Company, 1886 ((90 ))〕〔In the treatment of scars (cicatrix): ".. electro-galvanic currents ought to remove cicatrical tissue of the skin, and thus prove of incalculable value as a cosmetic" in ''Eclectic medical journal'', Volume 45, Ohio State Eclectic Medical Association, Published 1885, ((page 99 ))〕 almost a hundred years after Luigi Galvani discovered that electricity can make the muscle in a frog's leg twitch〔Thomas Thomson, ''An outline of the sciences of heat and electricity'', Publisher Baldwin & Cradock, 1830. "Chapter VII: Of Electricity by Contact" ((page 489 ))〕 (see galvanism). Subsequent research in electrophysiology has been carried out by people such as Robert O. Becker, Dr Björn Nordenström,〔Mark Woodhouse, ''Paradigm Wars: Worldviews for a New Age'', Publisher Frog Books, 1996, ISBN 1-883319-42-0, ISBN 978-1-883319-42-7, 648 pages ((page 192 ))〕 a former chair of the Nobel Selection Committee for Medicine, and Dr Thomas Wing,〔Deborah Powell, ''MicroCurrent for Horses (and other vital therapies you should know'', Publisher Matrix Therapy Products, ISBN 0-9790774-0-0, ISBN 978-0-9790774-0-1 ((page 15 ))〕〔 who invented some of the first micro-current devices. ==Treatments== The are four main types of treatment, that differ in the type of current they use (see Comparison table, below), including: #Galvanic treatment #Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) (also known as Faradic treatment) #Micro-current Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation (MENS)〔Susan Cressy, ''The beauty therapy fact file'', Edition 4, Publisher Heinemann, 2004, ISBN 0-435-45142-1, ISBN 978-0-435-45142-4, 469 pages. ((page 160 ))〕 #High-frequency treatment 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Electrotherapy (cosmetic)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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